Cervical Cancer Awareness: A Comprehensive Guide

There are so many myths and worries out there when it comes to cancer of the cervix. It’s no wonder that uptake of the cervical screening test is low! But trust me when I say this, cervical screening SAVES LIVES. I had an abnormal smear a few years ago and needed treatment. It was caught at the pre-cancerous stage and treatment completely cured me. If I hadn’t had the test, I wouldn’t have known, and would have been a worse condition later on.

If you’re due a smear, have a read of this and I hope it encourages you to go and get yours done.

What is Cervical Cancer? Understanding the Basics

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix—the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus transmitted mostly through sexual contact, and while most HPV infections clear up on their own, certain high-risk strains can cause abnormal changes in cervical cells. Over time, these changes can progress to cancer if not detected and treated early.

The cervix plays a vital role in reproductive health, acting as the passageway between the uterus and the vagina. This makes regular cervical health monitoring essential. Early detection through routine screenings significantly improves outcomes and survival rates.

By understanding the basics of cervical cancer, you can take proactive steps to protect your health.

How HPV is Linked to Cervical Cancer

HPV is responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Of the more than 100 types of HPV, about 14 are considered high-risk for causing cancer. The virus spreads mainly through sexual contact, making it one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. It can spread through close skin-contact as well. While most HPV infections resolve naturally within two years, persistent infections with high-risk strains can lead to abnormal cell changes in the cervix.

Vaccination against HPV reduces cervical cancer risk. The vaccine is most effective when given before exposure to the virus, typically during the early teenage years. It can be given later, but over time, HPV is naturally acquired through sexual activity, so the need for the vaccine declines.

HPV can also contribute to warts and anal cancer, so boys should also have the vaccine.

Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer You Shouldn’t Ignore

One of the worries of cervical cancer is that it often shows no symptoms in its early stages. However, as the disease progresses, certain signs may emerge. These can include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause.
• Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or foul-smelling.
• Pelvic pain or discomfort, particularly during or after sex.
• Pain when passing urine or opening bowel in advanced stages.

While these symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cervical cancer, it is vital to consult a healthcare provider for a check up. Early intervention can save lives!

The Importance of Regular Smear Tests

Smear tests are essential for cervical cancer prevention. This simple, routine procedure involves collecting cells from the cervix to check for high risk HPV using a device that opens the vagina, called a speculum. This is not usually painful, but can be uncomfortable, especially in the perimenopausal and menopause years. If you struggle with speculums, speak to the person doing the test so that adjustments can be made. A smaller speculum, a longer appointment time, a warmer room temperature, or simply being able to insert it in yourself can all help, so don’t be afraid to ask.

If high risk HPV is found, further testing is performed to ensure that the cells of the cervix are healthy. Detecting pre-cancerous changes early means that treatment can be offered before cancer develops.

In the UK, it is recommended that women begin regular smear tests at age 25 and continue every three years, depending on age and risk factors, until the age of 50. After this age, the frequency drops down to every 5 years until the age of 64.

Despite its importance, many women avoid smear tests due to anxiety or misconceptions about the procedure. In the UK, uptake for women aged 25-64 was just 68.7%. It’s essential to emphasise that smear tests are quick, minimally invasive, and crucial for long-term health. If you’re worried about having a smear test, book in to speak to one of our doctors and have your questions answered before going for it.

What about self-testing options?

It’s a great question! Self-testing for cervical screening has emerged as a convenient alternative to traditional smear tests, particularly for those who face barriers to attending clinical appointments. 

Here are the key advantages and disadvantages of self-testing:

Pros:

• Convenience: Self-testing can be done at home, making it easier for individuals with busy schedules or who are struggling to get into a service to have it done.
• Privacy: Many people feel more comfortable collecting a sample in the privacy of their own home, which can reduce anxiety associated with speculum examinations.
• Accessibility: Self-testing can reach those in remote or underserved areas where access to clinics may be limited.
• Increased Participation: Self-testing may encourage those who are worried about traditional smear tests to participate in screening programmes, improving early detection rates.

Cons:

• Accuracy Concerns: While self-testing kits are generally reliable, there is a small risk of improper sample collection, which could affect test accuracy, so you may end up needing a speculum examination anyway.
• Limited Scope: Self-tests often screen for high-risk HPV types but may not detect other abnormalities that a clinician would identify during a smear test, so it isn’t the best option for anyone with symptoms or worries about their cervical health.
• Follow-Up Required: A positive self-test result requires a follow-up appointment for further examination, which can delay diagnosis and treatment.
• Cost: In some regions, self-testing kits may not be free and are only available privately.
• Not taken on board by screening programs: while you may have been proactive getting a self-test done, the result unfortunately won’t count towards the screening program so you will still be invited for a smear test every 3-5 years.

Myths About Cervical Cancer

Misconceptions about cervical cancer and its causes can lead to unnecessary fear or complacency. Some common myths include:

Myth: Cervical cancer only affects older women.

• • Fact: While the risk increases with age, cervical cancer can occur in younger women, particularly those who are not regularly screened.

Myth: If I’m not sexually active or in a same sex relationship, I don’t need to worry about HPV.

• • Fact: While HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, it can also spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. Vaccination and routine screenings are still recommended.

Myth: The HPV vaccine is unsafe or causes severe side effects.

• • Fact: Extensive research has shown that the HPV vaccine is safe and effective. Side effects are typically mild, such as soreness at the injection site.

Myth: If I had the HPV vaccine, I don’t need smear tests.

• • Fact: The vaccine does not protect against all cancer-causing HPV types, so regular screenings remain essential.

Final thoughts

Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable disease when detected early. Raising awareness and promoting education about cervical health can save lives. So if your smear test is overdue, this is your public service announcement to get it booked!

We can also help with this in our private clinic with a cervical health check up appointment.

Take care,

Dr Nikki