Prevention and Screening

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer, thanks to the availability of effective screening programmes and vaccines. Prevention begins with regular cervical screening tests (commonly known as smear tests) that detect abnormal changes in cervical cells before they develop into cancer. These tests are vital for early detection and can dramatically reduce the risk of cervical cancer progressing to advanced stages.

Equally important is understanding the risk factors for cervical cancer, such as persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, a weakened immune system, and family history. Reducing exposure to these risk factors through early vaccination (ideally before someone starts having sex), lifestyle changes, and regular medical check-ups is key to prevention.

HPV Vaccination: A Game-Changer in Cervical Cancer Prevention

The HPV vaccine has revolutionised the fight against cervical cancer. HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer, and the vaccine provides protection against the most common high-risk strains of the virus. The vaccine is most effective when given before an individual becomes sexually active, so in the UK, it is generally givn to both boys and girls in secondary school.

Studies have shown that widespread vaccination has led to a significant decrease in HPV infections and related cervical abnormalities. Despite this progress, it’s important to continue advocating for vaccine uptake to ensure broader protection against cervical cancer.

It can also help to reduce the risk of developing anal cancer and genital warts.

How Often Should You Get Screened for Cervical Cancer?

Cervical screening recommendations vary depending on age and health history, but in the UK, the NHS advises women and people with a cervix to begin screening at age 25. Those aged 25 to 49 are invited for screening every three years, while those aged 50 to 64 are screened every five years. These intervals are based on evidence showing that regular screening at these frequencies is effective in detecting pre-cancerous changes and preventing cervical cancer.

For individuals with certain medical conditions, such as HIV or a history of cervical abnormalities, more frequent screenings may be recommended. It’s essential to attend all scheduled screenings and follow up quickly if any abnormalities are detected. Regular screening saves lives by catching potential issues before they develop into cancer.

Tips for Overcoming Anxiety About Cervical Cancer Screenings

It’s common to feel anxious about cervical screening, but addressing these feelings can help ensure that you don’t skip this important test. Here are some tips for managing anxiety:

• Understand the Procedure: Educate yourself about what happens during a smear test. Knowing what to expect can help reduce fear of the unknown. 
• Communicate with Your Healthcare Provider: Let the nurse or doctor know if you’re feeling nervous. They can explain the process, answer questions, and make adjustments to ensure you’re comfortable.
• Practice Relaxation Techniques: Deep breathing, meditation, or visualisation can help calm your nerves before and during the appointment.
• Bring a Support Person: Having a friend or family member accompany you can provide emotional support and encouragement.
• Schedule Wisely: Choose a time for your appointment when you’re less likely to feel rushed or stressed.

Remember, smear tests are a quick and simple procedure that can have a life-saving impact. Facing and addressing your fears is an empowering step towards protecting your health.

If the idea of having a speculum examination is too unpleasant, you could opt for a self-swab at home. This isn’t currently part of the screening program in the UK, and only available privately. However, in countries like Australia and New Zealand, screening programmes have taken this onboard and it is now widespread practice. It’s only a matter of time before the same happens in the UK too.

Swab kits are available from The Female Health Doctor Clinic, so click here to book your test in and get it off your to-do-list!

Healthy Lifestyle Habits to Lower Cervical Cancer Risk

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of cervical cancer. Here are some habits to adopt:

• Quit Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system and makes it harder for the body to clear HPV infections, increasing the risk of cervical cancer.
• Eat a Balanced Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports a strong immune system and overall health.
• Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
• Get Regular Exercise: Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and boosts immunity, which can lower cancer risk.
• Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccinations: The HPV vaccine is a critical tool in preventing cervical cancer and should be prioritised. When this is offered, teenagers should be encouraged to have it done.

By incorporating these habits into your daily routine, you can take proactive steps to protect yourself from cervical cancer.

Breaking Down Cervical Cancer Staging and Treatment Options

Understanding cervical cancer staging is important for making informed decisions about treatment. Staging describes how far the cancer has spread and helps guide the treatment plan. The stages range from Stage 0 (pre-cancer) to Stage IV (advanced cancer).

• Stage 0: Abnormal cells are confined to the surface layer of the cervix. This is often treated with procedures like cryotherapy or laser surgery to remove the abnormal cells.
• Stage I: Cancer is limited to the cervix. Treatment typically involves surgery, such as a hysterectomy, and may include radiotherapy.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to nearby tissues. Treatment may involve a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread to the pelvic wall or lower vagina. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common treatments at this stage.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the bladder, rectum, or lungs. Treatment may focus on palliative care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life, though surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy may still be used.

The treatment plan depends on the stage, overall health, and personal preferences. Advances in medical technology and personalised care have significantly improved outcomes for cervical cancer patients.

Final Thoughts

Cervical cancer awareness and prevention are essential for reducing the impact of this disease. From HPV vaccination to regular screenings, there are numerous tools available to protect against cervical cancer. By adopting healthy lifestyle habits, addressing fears about screenings, and understanding treatment options, women can take control of their health and contribute to a future where cervical cancer is less common and more manageable. Schedule your test in today!

Until next time,

Dr Nikki